Bibliography

Bibliography of Studies Contributing to the Validity and Reliability of the HFS in Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.

HFS (Adult)

  1. Anderbro, T., Amsberg, S., Wredling, R., Lins, P-E., Adamson, U., Lisspers, J., Johansson, U-B. (2008). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey. Patient Education and Counseling, 73, 127-131.

  2. Anderbro T, Gonder-Frederick L, Bolinder J, et al. Fear of hypoglycemia: relationship to hypoglycemic risk and psychological factors. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52(3):581‐589. doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0694-8

  3. Beléndez, M., Hernández-Mijares, A. (2009). Beliefs about insulin as a predictor of fear of hypoglycemia. Chronic Illness, 5, 250-256.

  4. Cox, D. J., Irvine, A., Gonder-Frederick, L., Nowacek, G., Butterfield, J. (1987). Fear of hypoglycemia: Quantification, validation, and utilization. Diabetes Care, 10, 617-621.

  5. Erol, O., Enc, N. (2011). Hypoglycemia fear and self-efficacy of Turkish patients receiving insulin therapy. Asian Nursing Research, 5(4), 222-228.

  6. Gonder-Frederick, L., Schmidt, K., Vajda, K., Greear, M., Singh, H., Shepard, J., Cox, D. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 34, 801-806.

  7. Gonder‐Frederick, L. A., Vajda, K. A., Schmidt, K. M., Cox, D. J., Devries, J. H., Erol, O., ... & Snoek, F. J. (2013). Examining the Behaviour subscale of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey: an international study. Diabetic Medicine, 30(5), 603-609.

  8. Grabman, J., Vajda Bailey, K., Schmidt, K., Cariou, B., Vaur, L., Madani, S., Cox, D., & Gonder-Frederick, L. (2017). An empirically derived short form of the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II. Diabetic medicine, 34(4), 500–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13162

  9. Hajós TR, Polonsky WH, Pouwer F, Gonder-Frederick L, Snoek FJ. Toward defining a cutoff score for elevated fear of hypoglycemia on the hypoglycemia fear survey worry subscale in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(1):102‐108. doi:10.2337/dc13-0971

  10. Mollema, E. D., Snoek, F. J., Ader, H.J., Heine, R. J., van der Ploeg, H. M. (2001). Insulin-treated diabetes patients with fear of self-injecting or fear of self-testing: Psychological comorbidity and general well-being. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 665-672.

  11. Shiu, A. T. (2004). Sense of coherence amongst Hong Kong Chinese adults with i nsulin-treated type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41, 387-396.

  12. Shiu, A. T., Wong, Rebecca Y. M. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the worry scale. Public Health Nursing, 21(3), 257-265.

  13. Shiu, Ann T. Y., Wong, Rebecca Y. M. (2000). Fear of hypoglycaemia among i nsulin-treated Hong Kong Chinese patients: i mplications for diabetes patient education. Patient Education and Counseling, 41(3), 251-261.

  14. Snoek, F. J., Pouwer, F., Mollema, E. D., Heine, R. J. (1996). [The Dutch version of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey: Internal consistency and validity.] Gedrag Gezondheid, 24(5), 287-292.

  15. Swinnen, S. G. H. A., Snoek, F. J., Dain, M., DeVries, J. H., Hoekstra, J. B. L., Holleman, F. (2009). Rationale, Design, and Baseline Data of the Insulin Glargine (Lantus) Versus Insulin Detemir (Levemir) Treat-to-Target (L2T3) Study: A Multinational, Randomized Noninferiority Trial of Basal Insulin Initiation i n Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology and Therpeutics, 11(11), 739-743.

  16. Stargardt T, Gonder-Frederick L, Krobot KJ, Alexander CM. Fear of hypoglycaemia: defining a minimum clinically important difference in patients with type 2 diabetes. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7:91. Published 2009 Oct 22. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-9

  17. Wild D, von Maltzahn R, Brohan E, Christensen T, Clauson P, Gonder-Frederick L. A critical review of the literature on fear of hypoglycemia in diabetes: Implications for diabetes management and patient education. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;68(1):10‐15. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.05.003

Pediatric versions of the HFS.

In 1998, Clarke, Gonder-Frederick, Snyder, and Cox officially modified the original HFS for use with parents. Revisions involved rewording items to reflect the perspective of the parent and child, some items were added to address specific issues relevant to parents and children (e.g. child being cared for by other adults who might not know how to react to hypoglycemia), and two items on the original Worry scale were dropped due to inappropriate content (driving and responsibility for others), resulting in a 25-item survey (PHFS).

In 2012, Dr. Gonder-Frederick and colleagues recognized the need to collect information about hypoglycemic episodes to correctly interpret different levels of FoH and, so, added Part II to the HFS-II, CHFS, and PHFS. Previous studies have shown significant positive relationships between frequency of severe hypoglycemia and HFS scores, and, as such, is an important consideration when interpreting HFS scores. Part II is an optional portion of the survey designed to collect more detailed information on frequency and severity of moderate and severe hypoglycemic episodes.

CHFS and PHFS References

  1. Clarke, W. L., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Snyder, A. L., & Cox, D.J. (1998). Maternal fear of hypoglycemia in their children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 11: 189-194.

  2. Driscoll KA, Raymond J, Naranjo D, Patton SR. Fear of Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents and Their Parents with Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(8):77. doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0762-2

  3. Gonder-Frederick, L., Nyer, M., Shepard, J. A., Vajda, K., & Clarke, W. (2011). Assessing fear of hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Diabetes Management, 1(6), 627-639.

  4. Gonder-Frederick, L.A., Fisher, C.D., Ritterband, L.M., Cox, D.J., Hou, L., DasGupta, A.A., & Clarke, W.L. (2006). Predictors of fear of hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Pediatric Diabetes 7: 215-222.

  5. Green, L.B., Wysocki, T., & Reineck, B.M. (1990). Fear of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 15: 633-641.

  6. Patton, S.R., Dolan, L.M., Henry, R., & Powers, S.W. (2008). Fear of hypoglycemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 15: 252-259.

  7. Shepard, J. A., Vajda, K., Nyer, M., Clarke, W., & Gonder-Frederick, L. (2014). Understanding the construct of fear of hypoglycemia in pediatric type 1 diabetes. Journal of pediatric psychology, jsu068.